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With many Montana taxpayers facing disruption and uncertainty related to COVID-19, the Collections Bureau will do its best to accommodate and work with taxpayers during this difficult time.

For taxpayers with payment plans, we are assessing situations on a case-by-case basis and may allow deferral of payments for an extended amount of time.

Upon request, the Collections Bureau will work with taxpayers impacted by COVID-19 to extend payment dates. Please contact us via phone, email, or web message at least one week prior to your payment due date.

Contact the Collections Bureau

Phone
(406) 444-6964
Email
DORcollections@mt.gov
Web Messaging
Available through our TransAction Portal (TAP)

Rental Vehicle Tax (RVT)

Quick Information

Due Dates

First Quarter
April 30
Second Quarter
July 31
Third Quarter
October 31
Fourth Quarter
January 31

Fees

4% Sales and Use Tax

Related Resources

All rental vehicle users pay a sales and use tax for vehicles:

  • Rented for less than 30 days
  • Rented without a driver, pilot or operator
  • Designed to transport 15 or fewer passengers
  • Rented as part of an insurance or warranty contract

The tax doesn’t apply to vehicles rented by the federal government if the sale is directly billed to and paid by the federal government.

State, county, and local governments still pay the vehicle rental tax.

Seller’s Permit

All rental vehicle vendors must apply for a seller’s permit before engaging in business. You can apply for a seller’s permit using the Registration/Application for Permit (Form GenReg).

Fees

Montana charges a 4% sales and use tax on base rental charges for rental vehicles.

Rental vehicle vendors are allowed an allowance of 5% of the tax paid up to $1000 per quarter.

Third-Party Platforms and Peer-to-Peer Transactions

Third-party platforms must register for a seller’s permit and collect and remit Rental Vehicle Tax. (15-68-101, MCA)

When renting through a peer-to-peer platform, either:

    • The vehicle owner or host registers, collects, and pays taxes on the base rental charge, and
    • The third-party platform registers, collects, and pays taxes on the third-party fees,

Or

  • The third-party platform registers, collects, and pays taxes on both the third-party fees and charges related to the transaction.

We have entered into agreements with third-party platforms to allow for them to collect and remit taxes on behalf of the hosts. Please contact us to discuss an agreement.

Rental Charges

Base Charges Include

  • Charges for time of use
  • Charges for mileage
  • Charges for personal accident insurance
  • Charges for additional drivers or underage drivers
  • Charges for accessory equipment, such as child safety seats, luggage racks, or GPS units

Base Charges Do Not Include

  • Vehicle discounts
  • Fees imposed to operate at an airport terminal
  • Motor fuel
  • Intercity vehicle drop charges
  • Taxes imposed by federal, state, or local governments

Rental Vehicles

Rental Vehicles Include

  • Automobiles, including
    • Vans
    • Sports utility vehicles
    • Trucks with one ton or less capacity
  • Motorcycles, including
    • Motor scooters with 50 horsepower or less
    • Quadricycles with 50 horsepower or less
  • Motorboats, including canoes, kayaks or personal watercraft propelled by any motor or engine
  • Sailboats, including any vessel using a sail or wind as its primary source of propulsion
  • Off-highway vehicles, including
    • Motorcycles
    • Quadricycles
    • Dune buggies
    • Amphibious vehicles
    • Or any other vehicle powered by a source other than muscle or wind
  • Any truck, trailer, or semi-trailer with a gross vehicle weight of less than 22,000 pounds used to transport personal property

Rental Vehicles Do Not Include

  • Farm vehicles, equipment or machinery
  • Travel trailers
  • Motor homes
  • Airplanes
  • Snowmobiles
  • Golf Carts
  • Sail boards

Reporting and Payment Options

Due Dates

The Form RVT is due on the last day of the month following the end of the calendar quarter.

First Quarter
April 30
Second Quarter
July 31
Third Quarter
October 31
Fourth Quarter
January 31

Penalties and Interest

The Rental Vehicle Tax (RVT) is subject to uniform penalties and interest.

Revenue Distribution

75% of rental vehicle tax goes to the state general fund. The other 25% goes to a state special revenue fund to the credit of the senior citizen and persons with disabilities transportation services account.

Related Laws

Approved Pass-Through Entity Software

We have tested these software vendors and approved them for use submitting Montana Pass-Through Entity Tax Return.

We only test software to ensure we can accept forms filed by the software. We are not associated with vendors and cannot guarantee any aspect of the software.

Learn more about software approval from the IRS.

This does not mean that a software package includes every possible schedule or attachment, or that it will meet the needs of all filers. It is the filer’s responsibility to contact the provider to determine if the software meets their needs.

The providers below are not listed in any particular order.

If you need assistance with one of our online services, please email us at DORCustomerAssistance@mt.gov.

Montana Adjustment Details and Codes

Montana Additions – Codes

CodeDefinition
AAInterest and mutual fund dividend income that the entity received from bonds and obligations of another state, territory or political subdivision of another state (county, municipality, district, etc.)
ABState, local and foreign income taxes based on income or profits
ACTaxes paid by the S corporation on its federal Form 1120S that resulted in a reduction of federal taxable income (e.g., built-in gains tax)
ADRecoveries:
To the extent that a Montana subtraction for business deduction you claimed on one of your previous Montana returns reduced the amount of your Montana income tax liability, any subsequent refund of the amount
AEAddition for Dependent Care Assistance Credit adjustment:
If you claimed business expenses for providing dependent care assistance and now are claiming the Montana Dependent Care Assistance Credits on behalf of your owners, you must add the amount of the dependent care assistance expenses used to calculate your Montana Dependent Care Assistance credits on Montana Form DCAC as an addition.
AFFarm and Ranch Risk Management Account taxable distributions:
If you are a family farm corporation, a distribution from your Montana Farm and Ranch Risk Management Account is taxable in either of the following situations:
  • The distribution is from a fund that was previously excluded from Montana Adjusted Gross Income as a Farm and Ranch Risk Management Account deposit; or
  • The distribution was not distributed within five years from the date the original deposit was made.
Refer to Montana Form FRM for detailed instructions. Report your Montana Farm and Ranch Risk Management Account taxable distributions as an addition to your Federal Adjusted Gross Income. Add any statement that your shareholders would need to complete their return and apply the penalty in case of a late distribution.
AGTitle plant depreciation and amortization:
If you are taking a federal deduction for depreciation and amortization on a title plant, you must add back to your Federal Adjusted Gross Income the amount of this depreciation and amortization when you determine your Montana Adjusted Gross Income.
AHOther additions:
Any other additions to income that must be included for Montana tax purposes.

Montana Subtraction Codes

Do not include separately stated deductions that are subject to an election or limitation on a partner’s income tax return (e.g., depletion from oil and gas).

CodeDescription
SAInterest on United States government obligations and mutual fund dividends attributable to that interest:

The entity can subtract these amounts from total federal income as long as they are included on Form PTE, line 12. Interest on obligations that are only guaranteed by the United States government is not tax exempt. If the entity received interest or mutual fund dividends attributable to Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae) bonds, Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) bonds or Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMAC) securities, a pass-through entity cannot subtract the interest or mutual fund dividends.

United States obligations that are exempt include:
Series E, EE, F, G and H savings bonds

  • U.S. treasury bills

  • U.S. government notes

  • U.S. government certificates


Refer to a pass-through entity’s federal Form 1099-DIV to determine what percentage of the dividends qualify for an exemption from Montana individual income tax.
SBBusiness-related expenses for purchasing recycled material:

Deduct an additional amount equal to 10% of the expenditures for the purchase of qualified recycled material that was otherwise deductible as business-related expenses in Montana, as computed on Montana Form RCYL, Part V. Form RCYL must be included with the tax return if the entity files a paper return. If the entity files electronically, the entity represents that it has a copy in its records.
SCBusiness expenses not deducted due to an existing federal credit:

If you incurred a business expense which was disallowed because you claimed a federal credit, you can deduct this business expense for Montana tax purposes. This subtraction includes wages deduction reduced by federal targeted jobs credit or the credit for the portion of employer Social Security taxes paid with respect to employee cash tips.

Do not include any recoveries of capital expenditures through depreciation, depletion and amortization. Depreciation, depletion or amortization deductions must be the same for federal and Montana income tax purposes.
SDCertain expenses incurred by medical marijuana providers:

If you are a medical marijuana provider registered in the state of Montana, you can subtract on this line your ordinary and necessary business expenses typically disallowed under IRC 280E.

Under IRC 280E, providers are generally not allowed a deduction on their federal return for business expenses associated with the production and sale of marijuana other than those directly related to the cost of manufacturing the
SESales of Land to Beginning Farmers:

You can subtract 100 percent of your income or capital gain (up to a maximum of $50,000) that you recognized from the sale of at least 80 acres or more of land to a beginning farmer at 9 percent or less interest on a long-term contract. To qualify for this deduction, you need to apply to and be approved by the Agricultural Loan Authority of the Montana Department of Agriculture. You need to include a copy of this approval with your individual income tax return.

Learn more about the Montana Beginning Farm or Ranch Loan Program.
SFCapital gains from SBICs:

If you have capital gains or dividend income from an investment in a small business investment company (SBIC) included in your Federal Adjusted Gross Income, you can exempt these capital gains or dividends if all of the following conditions are met:

  • The SBIC must be organized with the purpose of diversifying and strengthening employment opportunities of companies in Montana.

  • Within one year of being licensed by the federal Small Business Administration, 75 percent of the SBIC’s investments must be in manufacturing or timber companies located in Montana.

  • The SBIC’s manufacturing and timber companies have at least 50 percent of their employees working in Montana.
SGCertain gains recognized by a liquidating corporation:

You can subtract that portion of your gain from the liquidation of a reporting corporation to the extent that this gain is included in the gross income of the liquidating corporation’s Montana corporate income tax return from your Federal Adjusted Gross Income.
SHFarm and Ranch Risk Management Account deposits:

You can subtract any deposits you made into a Farm and Ranch Risk Management Account equal to the lesser of 20 percent of the net income that is attributable to your agricultural business or $20,000. This account is designed to be used as a risk management tool for your individual or family farm corporation’s agricultural business. It is established as a Montana trust with your financial institution as the trustee.

Amounts that you contributed to your Farm and Ranch Risk Management Account that were excluded from your Montana Adjusted Gross Income in prior years are taxable to you and should be included in your Montana Adjusted Gross Income when you distribute your funds. Amounts that you contributed to your Farm and Ranch Risk Management Account that are not distributed before the last business day on the fifth year from the date that this contribution was deposited are considered distributed and are assessed a 10 percent penalty on the amount of tax resulting from the Farm and Ranch Risk Management Account principal.

For further instructions about the Montana Farm and Ranch Risk Management Account, see Montana Form FRM. When you claim this exclusion, include a copy of Form FRM with your Montana tax return.
SIDonation of mineral exploration information to the Montana Tech Foundation:

If you received a Montana Schedule K-1 showing a deduction, or you incurred the expense yourself, for the donation of mineral exploration information to the Montana Tech Foundation within the limitations of 15-32-510, MCA, you can subtract the amount on this line.
SJGain on eligible sale of mobile home park:

If you were the owner of a mobile home park and you sold the park to a tenants’ or mobile home park residents’ association, a 501(c)(3) organization or a county or municipal housing authority, you may be able to subtract all or a portion of the gain you recognized. Complete Montana Form MHPE to determine the amount of the exclusion.
SKContributions made by a small business to its independent liability fund. (33-27-117, MCA)
SLPortion of an investment made in a building for the purpose of conserving energy:

To qualify, the building has to be used in a pass-through entity’s business and the result of the investment must be a substantial reduction in the amount of energy needed to render the building usable. See 15-32-103, MCA.

Pass-Through Entity Tax Credits

A tax credit claimed by a pass-through entity is passed through to its owners.

The pass-through entity identifies how much credit is available to each owner on Montana Schedule K-1. It provides a copy of the Montana Schedule K-1 and a copy of the credit form that was used to calculate the credit to each owner.

Owners determine any necessary limitations when reporting the credit on their tax returns.

Income tax credits cannot be taken as a credit against composite tax reported on the Montana Pass-Through Entity Tax Return (Form PTE).

Unused credits may not be redistributed to other owners. For example, if the ownership of the pass-through entity consists of a resident owner and a nonresident owner, the nonresident owner’s share of a credit could not be claimed by the resident owner even though the nonresident owner is not eligible to use it.

If a pass-through entity is eligible for a credit, include the appropriate form with the tax return. If a pass-through entity files electronically, it represents that it kept a copy in a pass-through entity’s records and will provide a copy to the department if requested.

Learn more about income tax credits available in Montana.

Montana Source Income

Montana source income includes but is not limited to any income, gains, losses, or credits from:

  • Work or services performed in Montana
  • Products sold to Montana customers
  • Selling, renting, or leasing property in Montana

If a business receives income from another pass-through entity, any Montana source income that entity passes-through counts as Montana source income.

Please Note:

Resident inviduals, estates, and trusts are taxed on their world-wide income. Therefore, they include a pass-through entities entire income as Montana source income.

Montana Source Income from Activities in Montana

An entity may earn Montana source income from activities carried out inside or outside Montana.

Only in Montana
If you are doing business only in Montana, all your income is Montana source income.
In and Out of Montana

If you do business both inside and outside Montana, your Montana source income includes:

  • The apportionable income apportioned to Montana
  • The non-apportionable income allocated to Montana
  • All Montana source income passed through from another entity

With some exceptions, states are prohibited from imposing income tax on businesses whose only activity in that state is the sale of tangible personal products. Please refer to ARM 42.26.501 and Public Law 86-272 for more information on what business activities are taxable versus non-taxable.

If a business is required to file a return in Montana, the business is said to have nexus in Montana.

The Nexus Questionnaire (Form NEXUS) can be used to help determine if a business has nexus in Montana.

Allocating and Appropriating Income to Montana

Montana has adopted sections of the Multistate Tax Compact guidelines for determining what share of your business income is reportable to Montana.

See ARM Title 42, Chapter 9 and Chapter 26 for more details.

Please Note:

If these rules do not fairly respresent a business’s activity in Montana, it may petition the department to use an alternate method such as separate accounting, excluding one or more factors, or including additional factors.

This petition must be filed before the entity files its first Montana return.

See 15-31-3 and 15-1-6, MCA.

Apportionable Income

Apportionable income is determined using a transactional test and a functional test. These tests do not depend on the type of income, but if the income is derived by the entity’s trade or business.

This determination is done at the entity level and ignores how the income is treated on on the owner’s return. As a result, dividend and interest income used to apply the passive loss limitation rules under IRC § 469 on the owner’s return has not effect on classification:

Interest
Interest income is apportionable if the source of the interest came from, or was created by, the regular course of the taxpayer’s trade or business operations.
Dividends
Dividends are apportionable income if derived from stocks acquired in the regular course of the taxpayer’s trade or business operations.
If the entity regularly engages in the ownership, sale, or other disposition of investments and as part of the ordinary course of business, then the income arising from such transactions is presumptively apportionable income.
Property Sales
Gain or loss from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of real, tangible, or intangible personal property is apportionable income if it was used in the taxpayer’s trade or business while owned by the taxpayer or was included in the apportionment factor.
Rental Income
Rental income from real and tangible property is apportionable if the property the entity rents and receives income on is used in the entity’s trade or business, is incidental to the trade or business, or includable in the property factor.

See ARM 42.9 and 42.26 for more information.

Apportionment Factors

Income is apportioned to the state using three equally weighted factors.

Property Factor

The property factor is a fraction determined by the average values of real and tangible property owned, leased, or rented by the entity.

Find the factor by dividing the average value of property in Montana used to produce apportionable income during the tax period by the average value of all property used to produce apportionable income during the tax period.

\text{Property Factor} = \frac{\text{Montana Property Value}}{\text{Total Property Value}}

See ARM 42.26.231 and 42.26.237 for more information.

Property owned by the pass-through entity is valued at its original cost.

Real and tangible personal property used in the course of business includes:

  • land,
  • buildings,
  • machinery,
  • equipment,
  • stocks of goods,
  • inventories, or
  • any other tangible property actually used in connection with the production of apportionable income.

It does not include money, accounts receivable, other intangible property, real property that is held for investment or nonbusiness purposes or idle property of any nature.

Migratory or mobile property used in Montana must be included in both average property values.

Unless otherwise required, the average value of owned property is determined by averaging the values at the beginning and end of the tax period.

Rented property is valued at eight times the net annual rental rate. Rental expense cannot be averaged and the current year’s rental expense must be used in the property factor.

Payroll Factor

The payroll factor is determined by the amount paid for compensation attributable to the production of apportionable income during the tax period.

Find the factor by dividing the compensation paid in Montana by the total compensation.

\text{Payroll Factor} = \frac{\text{Montana Compensation}}{\text{Total Compensation}}

See ARM 42.26.241, 42.26.243 and 42.26.244 for more information.

Payroll is considered paid in Montana if:

  • the base of operations is in Motnana;
  • there is no base of operations and the place from which the service is controlled is in Montana; or
  • the base of operations or place of controll is not in Montana, but the person providing the service is in Montana.

Receipts Factor

The receipts factor is determined by the income from selling tangible personal property during the tax period.

Find the factor by dividing the total gross receipts received in Montana by the total of all gross receipts received by the entity.

\text{Receipts Factor} = \frac{\text{Montana Receipts}}{\text{Total Receipts}}

Assigning receipts:

  • Receipts from selling tangible personal property are in Montana if the property is delivered or shipped to a purchaser in Montana other than the United States government, or the property is shipped from Montana and the pass-through entity is not taxable in the purchaser’s state.
  • Beginning January 1, 2018, receipts other than from the sale of tangible personal property must be assigned based on the entity’s market. (ARM 42.26.245 through 42.26.250)

Allocation of Nonapportionable Income

Nonapportionable income means all income other than apportionable income.

More specifically nonapportionable income is income for which both the transactional test and the functional test failed.

Nonapportionable income is allocated to Montana depending on its character and the facts attached to the income.

For income determined to be nonapportionable, the following are examples of items that must be allocated to Montana:

  • Net rents and royalties from real property located in Montana.
  • Net rents and royalties from tangible personal property if and to the extent the property is utilized in Montana, or the entire net rent or royalty if the entity’s commercial domicile is in Montana and the entity is not organized under the laws of the state in which the property is utilized, and the net rents or royalties are not taxable in that state.
  • Capital gains and losses from sales of real property located in Montana.
  • Capital gains and losses from sales of tangible personal property are allocable to Montana if the property had a situs in Montana at the time of the sale, or the entity’s commercial domicile is in Montana and the capital gains or loss is not taxable in the state in which the property had a situs.
  • Capital gains and losses from sales of intangible personal property if the entity’s commercial domicile is in Montana.
  • Interest and dividends if the entity’s commercial domicile is in Montana.
  • Patent and copyright royalties to the extent that the patent or copyright is utilized by the payer in Montana, or to the extent that the patent or copyright is utilized by the payer in a state in which the patent and copyright dividend is not taxable and the entity’s commercial domicile is in Montana.

A patent is utilized in Montana to the extent that it is employed in production, fabrication, manufacturing, or other processing in Montana or to the extent that a patented product is produced in Montana.

A copyright is utilized in Montana to the extent that printing or other publication originates in Montana.

If the basis of receipts from copyright or patent royalties does not permit allocation to states or if the accounting procedures do not reflect states of utilization, the copyright or patent is utilized in the state in which the taxpayer’s commercial domicile is located.

Pass-through Income

The original entity that generates income determines the state sourcing and characteristic of the income. The type of income and state sourcing stays the same when passed on to another entity.

Montana source income received from another pass-through entity is not included in apportionment and cannot be re-characterized.

The practical consequence is that flow-through income received on Schedules K-1 issued by a first-tier must be separated from the trade or business of a second-tier before this second-tier classifies its items of income from its own trade or business into apportionable income and nonapportionable income. In a second step, the flow-through Montana source income from the first-tier must be added to the Montana source income derived from the second-tier trade or business activities.

See ARM 42.9.107 for more information on how to report income received from another pass-through entity.

Items of Montana source income that are aggregated on the second-tier return determine the basis used for the calculation of withholding or composite tax if required. Thus, income may be offset by a loss derived from activities occurring at another tier.

Please Note:

This does not apply to partnerships and S corporations computing Montana source income in a tiered structure.

However, if one of the direct or indirect owners of a partnership is a C corporation, the operations of the partnership may be unitary with the C corporation.

See Corporate Income Tax for more information.

Guaranteed Payments

Guaranteed payments representing a return of capital are apportionable.

If the guaranteed payment stems from an item of nonapportionable income per the partnership agreement, and this income is allocated to Montana, then the guaranteed payment is Montana source income.

Payments for Services

Payments made to a partner for services are considered nonapportionable income allocable to the state where the services were performed. Guaranteed payments must be included in the calculation of the federal self-employment taxes of the owner to qualify as guaranteed payments made for services rendered.

If any part of the guaranteed payment is compensation a nonresident partner for services performed in Montana, then that portion of guaranteed payment is Montana source income and must be reported on Column II of Montana Schedule K-1. If the guaranteed payment is paid to a resident of Montana for services rendered, the entire guaranteed payment is Montana source income and must be reported on Column I.

See ARM 42.9.303 for more information about sourcing guaranteed payments.

Disregarded Entities

In general, disregarded entities must follow the same sourcing rules used by partnership and S corporations. However, because of the disregarded entities unique relation with their owner, specific rules apply based on the type of their owner.

Disregarded entities owned by a partnership or an S corporation

There can be two types of disregarded entities owned by a partnership or an S corporation:

  • disregarded entities that carry on a trade or business, and
  • disregarded entities that are segments of the trade or business of their owner.

Disregarded Entities Carrying on a Trade or Business

These entities determine their amount of gross income and Montana source income the same way partnerships or S corporations calculate their income.

This determination must be made before the pass-through owner determines the amount of Montana source income from its own trade or business.

A disregarded entity with Montana source income from activity in Montana must be included on List of Disregarded Entities (Form PTE, Schedule VII) of the owner’s Form PTE.

Segments

A disregarded entity is a segment if:

  • the owner segregated a trade or business into functions or assets; and
  • contributed a function, asset, or both to the disregarded entities so the determination of Montana source income at the disregarded entity level does not represent the activities carried on in Montana.

Segments remain disregarded for the determination of Montana source income.

All their items or income, loss, deduction and credit remain in the apportionable income of their owner and their items of property, compensation or receipts are used in the determination of the apportionment factor.

Please Note:

If the partnership or the S corporation remains at risk based on a recourse debt related to a trade or business held in a disregarded entity holding functions or assets of such trade or business, the disregarded entity would still be considered a segment. If the debt is nonrecourse, such debt and its related expenses are automatically allocated to the entity holding the collateral.

If the disregarded entity is a segment and it carries on its own activities constituting a fully functioning and independent trade or business, the disregarded entity must complete the List of Disregarded Entities (Form PTE, Schedule VII) to determine the amount of Montana source income stemming from its own trade or business activities.

Items of income, (loss), deduction, credit or apportionment included in the segment are not reported on Schedule DE.

Disregarded Entities Owned by a C Corporation

Disregarded entities owned by a C corporation are deemed unitary and must report their items of income, loss, deduction, credit, and apportionment on their owner’s Corporate Income Tax Return.

Disregarded Entities Owned by a Resident Individual

Disregarded entities owned by resident individuals must report their items of income, loss, deduction and credit on their owner’s federal Schedule C.

Disregarded Entities Owned by a Nonresident Individual, Estate or Trust

Disregarded Entities Owned by a nonresident individual, an estate or a trust must file Form DER-1 to report their Montana source income.

Form DER-1 includes Worksheet DE, that the disregarded entity may use to determine their Montana source income.

Income Sourced to Montana Based on the Residency Status of the Owner

Pass-through income received by resident owners is Montana source income whether the entity carries on a trade or business in Montana.

Income sourced to Montana based on the residency status of the owner does not create a filing requirement for the pass-through entity. However, pass-through entities, including investment clubs, may still file an information return if they deem it necessary to provide Montana adjustments information to their Montana resident owners.

Investment Clubs

Partnerships formed by individual owners exclusively for the purpose of holding stock and securities, the so-called investment clubs, do not have a filing requirement.

The income is always sourced to the state of residence of owners because the income derived from such holding never relates to a trade or business.

This exemption to file does not extend to investment clubs that are corporations or trusts.

Retired Partner

Guaranteed payments made to a retired partner are sourced to the state of residence of this partner.

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